Julius Caesar Essays (797 words) - , Term Papers

Julius Caesar Julius Caesar In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Decius Brutus and Mark Antony, both Roman Senators, praise Julius Caesar, each utilizing an alternate procedure and approach. Brutus, in a to some degree self-important, forthright, tribute, endeavors to influence the individuals. He legitimizes plotting against Caesar by expressing that Caesar's desire would have harmed Rome. Notwithstanding, in Antony's tribute, he centers around Caesar's sure attributes, and cleverly invalidates Brutus' support for executing Caesar. The flighty Romans falter between pioneers, reacting inwardly, as opposed to mentally, to the speakers. Brutus looks to clarify why he schemed against Caesar. He starts his discourse with Romans, compatriots ..., engaging to their awareness as residents of Rome, who, he later says, will profit as freeman with Caesar's demise. This tells Brutus realizes the best way to draw the group, speaking to their better judgment as Romans. He pronounces that he is a respectable man, and reveals to them that he will let them judge the legitimacy of his cases. That is, he will permit reality to represent itself with no issue. This urges the group to trust him, as a respectable man. He says that he needs them to know the realities; Blame me in your astuteness, and alert your faculties that you may the better appointed authority. Sharing data with the individuals is complimenting and it nearly ensures acknowledgment. He gets their compassion by saying that he adored Caesar, challenging the individuals to discover anybody who adored Caesar more. Brutus pronounces that he never wronged Caesar, that he sobbed for Caesar's adoration, was glad for his significance, regarded him for his mental fortitude, however needed to execute him in light of Caesar's desire. He says that the explanation behind murdering Caesar was his extraordinary love for Rome. He legitimizes his activities by saying that he cherished Caesar in any case, Not that I adored Caesar less, yet that I adored Rome more. He at that point inquires as to whether the individuals would need to live their lives as slaves under Caesar's standard or would they like to live as freemen with Caesar dead. To anybody offended by his discourse he thinks about whether, as Romans who love their opportunity, they could be annoyed or then again dismiss what he, Brutus, says. He offers the conversation starter, Who is here so base that would be a bondman? He emphasizes the point, rehashing the line, Assuming any, talk, for him have I irritated. I stop for an answer., permits them to react to his facetious inquiries, giving them a considerably more prominent sense that he thinks about them and their feelings. They can just react, None, Brutus, none. That is, none are outraged, they don't oppose this idea or on the other hand contend with his words or his activities. Imprint Antony's commendation uses an alternate approach. He begins by tending to the group as Companions since he needs to come to them as a companion as opposed to a ruler attempting to pick up power. He at that point says, I come to cover Caesar, not to commend him., accordingly he can ease in gestures of recognition of Caesar without the group halting him. He sounds very genuine when he says, The respectable Brutus hath disclosed to you Caesar was ambitious.... For Brutus is a fair man. He rehashes that announcement three additional occasions getting progressively wry, saying at long last, Yet Brutus says he was driven, and sure he was a noteworthy man. Since the individuals reacted emphatically to Brutus' discourse, Antony couldn't affront Brutus' trustworthiness in an immediate way. However, Antony discredits Caesar's desire with three models. One is the point at which he gave the payment of prisoners to the open treasury and not his own, another when he cried with the destitute individuals, lastly when he declined the majesty that Antony offered him, multiple times. Any individual who was yearning could never have done any such things. Antony says, I talk not to invalidate what Brutus talked. , however that is actually what he does. Antony is utilizing a sensational impact on the individuals, first by entering on the stage with the group of Caesar, and toward the end expressing that his heart is still with the group of Caesar, finishing his discourse sobbing. In advocating Caesar and discrediting Brutus, the individuals consider Antony to be a possible replacement to Caesar. They are influenced to him by his shows, his devious way of coming to a meaningful conclusion, his redundancy, and convincing confirmation of Caesar's anxiety. He can get the individuals to scrutinize the rightness of executing Caesar. He has planted uncertainty in the individuals' psyches, in all territories aside from that he, Antony, is, poor soul, a decent. The contrast between the commendations appears us the significance of style

Media Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media Economics - Essay Example The Big 6 Media Giants to be specific General Electric, Walt Disney, News Corp, Time Warner, Viacom and CBS are a functional case of this definition. These combinations not just control what we see, hear and read yet in addition control our contemplations. They are on the whole vertically incorporated which permits them to create and disperse media and news to their likings and control our perspectives (Shah, 2009). Media proprietorship and aggregation have taken another structure with time. They are not, at this point joined to the immaculateness of news-casting or of eventual benefits of the crowds. The media combinations are presently inclined towards corporate objectives and interests. So as to accomplish the objectives, the aggregates are frequently blamed for being one-sided with charges of corporate whitewashing and oversight (Bagdikian, 1997). What's more, to advance their own advantages, media combinations favor infotainment over significant reports. In spite of the fact that the possibility of media combination and possession is anything but a poorly conceived notion as it can make a solid rivalry giving feasible and legitimate news to the crowds. The worry is essentially identified with the centralization of possession which can and is expanding the financial and political impact. As indicated by Rifka Rosenwein, the grouping of media possession has expanded the command over articulations which has prompted a forceful rivalry and hushing of the news and thoughts in the commercial center (Shah, 2009). As per the most recent insights, in 2009, there are just six mammoth combinations that own the US media specifically the Big 6. This is in the end prompting restraining infrastructures and oligopolies which from a business point of view is certifiably not a decent sign. Considering the pretended by media in an overall majority rule government, contacting masses is of central significance. A considerable lot of the media combination s own diversion organizations, for example, Walt Disney where one can't anticipate that the organization should talk about sweatshop work when, then again, it is blamed for being a piece of it (Shah,

Just Run With It

Just Run With It This years commencement speaker, Salman Khan, founder of the Khan Academy and MIT alumnus, touched upon many compelling anecdotes and much advice in his remarks to MITs newest graduates. The whole speech is definitely worth a read (and worth watching), but I wanted to highlight something that touched me profoundly: One of my roommates when I was two years out of college, who had formerly been a bit of a track star at MIT, and I had finished watching Chariots of Fire one night at 2 a.m. I told him that it made me feel like running. He simply told me “Don’t waste inspiration.” I reminded him that it is 2 a.m. He said “so what; don’t waste inspiration.” I looked at him for a few seconds and realized that he was dead serious. I jumped off the couch, threw on my running shoes and took to the streets. Salman Khan, in his commencement address to the MIT Class of 2012 As I read the remarks, I reflected on the truth that I found in his address, and the truth that I found in those specific words that I quoted. See, I used to run. (Used to.) It was back in my freshman year of high school, after I had fixed my eating habits to lose weight. What was still missing for me, though, was physical fitness. At some point, and almost on a whim, I wanted to fix that. I thus turned to my runner friends, many of whom ran year-round from cross country, indoor and outdoor track during the school year, to off-season training in the intervening summer. It was perhaps, then, the best kind of pressure that made me run for my high schools track team. Though it culminated in no awards (or even podium-caliber rankings for a single meet), my run with the team was a change I accepted, even grew to love, for a time. Even at a Freshman-Sophomore Invitational I scarcely qualified to compete in, where I came dead last among all the racers in a 400 meter dash, it felt invigorating to know nothing but the race. Nothing but the wind at my back. Nothing but the orange-red track.  Nothing but a sudden explosion of my body a thrust heel hitting the ground, my toes rolling off, kicking back, bringing me forward, completing the stride, renewing the cycle as the gun fired. But maybe what I yearned for most was the feeling after each race, when I relished in the flowing endorphins, catching up to me like a tidal wave I had sought to outrun before finally accepting its gift. After that season, I often looked back and asked what made me give that all up. But all I know or all my pride would now permit me to say is that I did stop. Feebly, I mused about having my soles get back in touch with the track or at the very least, the roads. Each time, I winced at the effort Id need to put in to be even half as fit as before. In one season I had worked my mile time down from nearly 11 minutes to just under 7. How would I do that again? I asked constantly. My college friends offered to be running buddies, but they couldnt shake my excuses; I just claimed I didnt have enough free time for it. Though I believed that statement, I would often find times when I wished I had obliged them.  After one of the many long days of sophomore year, for instance, when even 7 hours of sleep, plus roughly that much time spent in lectures, labs, and on p-sets, left me too winded to do anything else but crash as soon as I got home. On such days, I would remember that it used to take a lot more than thinking to tire me out. Faced with this time and time again, and dissatisfied by the lack of change, I threw out my well-worn excuses and raised the standards on what would pass for an adequate obstacle. Instead of letting justifications or restrictions head me off at the pass, I got to them before they could get to me. And then, the will to live with more energy and self-satisfaction overcame every barrier to living that sort of life, including the initial, painful investment of energy. I started to envision what I could become with that kind of investment, and I loved what I was seeing. And those negative thoughts, prefixed with that familiar Yes, but nonsense, somehow stood down this time around. I was ready. Fast forward to earlier this week.  Its Tuesday morning, the day after a taxing first day of work at my summer job. After having slept for nearly 12 hours, I wake up before 7 much to my surprise. I had made this the day on which Id start a Couch to 5K program, my first foray into running in over 5 years, and my first serious effort to win back my old energy. It was a day off from part-time work; I had nowhere to be, and yet here I was, wide awake and appropriately, eager to hit the ground running. So I started the first day of the regimen. Nine minutes in, my lungs felt almost acidic. My core protested. Against my will, I paused a timer, suspended my interval training, worked to control my breathing and then rehydrated myself. It happened again roughly 4 minutes later as I transitioned from a run to a walk. I kept the pauses as short as I could, reminding myself that out here, out on the roads again, I was lapping the person I used to be not even a day ago. As I resumed my running, my internal monologue turned that thought into a chant as steady as my heartbeat. It worked. Somehow I found the strength to power through the remaining intervals, and soon I found myself right outside my house at the end of a cool-down walk. Excellent, I thought to myself, lets do this again in two days. And  I did this time, without pausing the clock; this time, without stopping, save for one instance where my shoe became untied. And somehow, I felt compelled to do it all over  again   for the next day of training. That day was today, by the way, and this mornings run went just as well, if not better, than the last.  I can safely say that this has become a habit now, all because I kept my initial spark of inspiration from being extinguished before it had a chance to burn. Guess that makes me a runner, right? In that case, then, what I said before is true: I used to run. I still do at least now but I used to, too.

Edna Pontellier’s Fall from Grace in Kate Chopins The...

Edna’s Fall from Grace in The Awakening In the novel The Awakening, Kate Chopin tells of Edna Pontelliers struggle with fate. Edna Pontellier awakens from a slumber only to find that her life is displeasing, but these displeasing thoughts are not new to Edna. The actions taken by Edna Pontellier in the novel The Awakening clearly determine that she is not stable. The neglect of her duties as a wife and mother and as a woman of society are all affected by her mental state. Her choices to have affairs and disregard her vow of marriage represent her impaired judgment. The change in her attitude and interests becomes quite irresponsible, and that change along with her final decision to commit suicide tell the reader that Edna†¦show more content†¦Her disposition clearly affects their lives on a regular basis. Edna Pontellier defies her husband and is ready to depart from her children at any time. Counseling of some sort for her temperament might encourage her to put her familys needs before herself. She constantly enj oys her freedom and abandons her responsibilities, displaying a childlike ideal of reality. Edna frequently likes to be alone throughout the novel. She mentions feeling caged and sets out to free herself by moving to another house, when, contrary to her immature thoughts, she is still very much in the same predicament. These actions do not help Edna to better her condition. The lows manic depressives experience can be detrimental, and by placing herself in an isolated atmosphere, she is making her problem greater: But alone Edna is prey to suicidal thoughts, the voices which distort the victims choices and exaggerate her plight. Ednas idea in her last moments that her children are antagonists whom she must elude is patently irrational behavior, for her progeny have given her little trouble and seem her happiest links to life. But for her at this moment they represent the powers arrayed against her. (Franklin 526) Clearly Edna Pontellier is an unstable woman. She is unableShow MoreRelated The Awakening: America Was Not Ready For Edna Pontellier Essay1868 Words   |  8 Pagestheories challenging age-old beliefs were springing up everywhere, such as Darwins natural selection. This post-Civil War era also gave men and women opportunities to work side-by-side, and in 1848, the first womans rights conference was held in Seneca Fall, New York. These events leading up to the twentieth century had polished the way for the new, independent woman to be introduced. Women at all levels of society were active in attempts to better their lot, and the New Woman, the late nineteenth-centuryRead More Chopin Essays1578 Words   |  7 Pages The Struggle to Be a Womyn â€Å"Every step which she took toward relieving herself from obligations added to her strength and expansion as an individual† (93) The Awakening by Kate Chopin introduces the reader to the life of Edna Pontellier, a woman with an independent nature, searching for her true identity in a patriarchal society that expects women to be nothing more than devoted wives and nurturing mothers. In this paper I will describe Edna’s journey of self-discovery and explainRead MoreCompare and Constrast Wide Sargasso Sea and the Awakening1796 Words   |  8 PagesCompare and contrast how ‘Patriarchy’ shows oppression in ‘The Awakening’ and ‘Wide Sargasso Sea’. ‘Patriarchy’ is a social organisation in which the father or eldest male is head of a household or tribe, having supreme authority over his women and children. It is a system of government, where men hold the power, and women are largely excluded from it. A patriarchal civilisation promotes the dominance of men in social or cultural societies. Jean Rhys (August 24th – 1890 May 14th 1979) was a DominicanRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening2531 Words   |  11 PagesDress to Impress Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening depicts sexual affairs, inner struggles, and the conquest of motherhood that most women face today. The conquest of motherhood involves the battle between being a supportive wife and selfless mother. The story revolves around the characters’ dialogue and appearances described beautifully throughout the novel by Kate Chopin. The story is a familiar one that, sadly, most women can relate to: A woman is married without knowing what true love is. Her

Using and Conjugating the Spanish Verb Parecer

Parecer is a common verb that has as its basic meaning to seem or to seem like. It can also be used in a variety of ways to express opinions or make judgments. It is an etymological cousin of the English word appear, which can be used in a similar way, as in the phrase it appears that. Using Parecer  With  Descriptions In its most straightforward usage, parecer is used as a way of describing what something is or seems like: Un gobierno de unidad nacional parece difà ­cil de lograrse. (A national unity government seems difficult to accomplish.)Lo que parece ser la verdad para nosotros no necesariamente parecerà ¡ ser la verdad para otros. (What seems to be the truth for us will not necessarily seem to be the truth for others.)Tengo una chupa que parece de cuero y es de plastiquete. (I have a jacket that is  like leather and is made of plastic material.)El agua tibia parece caliente si tocamos primero el agua frà ­a. (Lukewarm water seems hot if we feel cold water first.)Usted no parece saber mucho del trastorno.  (You dont seem to know much about the disorder.) Using Parecer Impersonally It is very common to use parecer as an impersonal verb followed by que. The verb that follows is typically in the indicative mood, although the subjunctive mood follows no parecer. The indicative mood is used with parecer in its positive form because it is used to indicate how something is perceived, not to express doubt as seem often does in English. An exception is  in a sentence such as Parece mentira que hayan pasado 15 aà ±os (It seems impossible that 15 years have gone by), because there doubt and/or an emotional reaction is expressed. Parece que este enlace està ¡ roto. (It looks like this link is broken.)No parece que vaya a llover. (It doesnt look like its going to rain.)De momento parece que no se sabe nada del lanzamiento del producto en Europa. (For now it appears that nothing is known about the products launch in Europe.)Parecà ­a que nada podà ­a mejorarse.  (It seemed like nothing could get better.)Katrina no parece que tenga frà ­o. (Katrina doesnt seem like shes cold.) Using Parecer With an Indirect Object It is very common for parecer to be accompanied by an indirect-object pronoun to indicate how a particular person or persons perceives something to be. This can be one way of conveying opinions, and in many such cases there are better ways of translating parecer other than seem. Me parece que el presidente es un fraude.  (I think the president is a fraud.)Me parece que algo no està ¡ bien. (I feel that something isnt right.) ¿Te parezco triste? (Do I look sad to you?) ¿Por quà © el metal nos parece frà ­o y la lana caliente? (Why does metal feel cold to us and wool warm?)Le parece que està ¡ aumentando la actividad sà ­smica.  (He thinks that seismic activity is increasing.) ¿Quà © os parece el nuevo iPhone? (What do you think of the new iPhone?)No nos parece que à ©ste sea el momento oportuno. (We dont think this is the opportune time.)Me parecà ­a que no era importante.  (I didnt think it was important.) Using Parecer Reflexively In the reflexive form, parecerse can be used to indicate that two or more persons or things are alike in some way: Algunas veces nos parecemos a nuestros padres. (Sometimes were like our parents.)Segà ºn los à ºltimos estudios, los animales se parecen a las personas mucho mà ¡s de lo que imaginamos. (According to the latest studies, animals are much more like people than we imagine.) Parecer as an Infinitive Noun As a noun, the infinitive  parecer usually means opinion: Es el mejor restaurante a mi parecer en Madrid.  (In my opinion its the best restaurant in Madrid.)Queremos que expreses tu opinion sobre el diseà ±o. (We want you to express your opinion on the design.) Conjugation of Parecer Keep in mind that parecer is irregularly conjugated, following the pattern of conocer. All irregular forms are shown below in boldface: Present indicative: parezco, pareces, parece, parecemos, parecà ©is, parecen (I seem, you seem, etc.) Present subjunctive: que parezca, que parezcas, que parezca, que parezcamos, que parezcà ¡is, que parezcan (that I seem, that you seem, etc.) Affirmative imperative: parece tà º,  parezca usted, parezcamos nosotro/as, pareced vosotros/as, parezcan ustedes (seem) Negative imperative: no  parezca  usted,  no parezcas  tà º,  no  parezcamos nosotros/as, no  parezcà ¡is  vosotros/as, que  parezcan  ustedes (dont seem)

CSR Spreading the benefits and shortcomings towards economic development Free Essays

string(127) " noticing the amount of power the directors of the companies hold and that direct relationship to their remuneration packages\." Introduction 1. Background Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is not a recent development or trend, it has been around for centuries, but due to recent events such as globalisation spreading both benefits and shortcomings to economic development it has become a hot topic. CSR is a broad area of discussion and could include many areas like, the community; the environment; and the workplace. We will write a custom essay sample on CSR: Spreading the benefits and shortcomings towards economic development or any similar topic only for you Order Now This can then be further broken down into international; national; country; industry sector or company. Thus instead of looking at the whole of CSR, it is best to extrapolate it into key areas, of which the rest of this paper will focus on the environmental aspect of CSR. In order for this to be done an overview of CSR with its early beginnings along with why it has been developed needs to first be analysed. This would include the early work of individuals such as the Cadbury family. Based on the nature of CSR, there are several definitions of it and these will be looked at explaining the different areas of it. People are becoming more aware of their surroundings and are beginning to question the decisions being taken by companies, if it is the ethically correct decisions or just the most profitable. The environment again is a large area of research with plenty of legislature and regulations. The next section will look into the key bodies involved with the environment, what protocols and policies are set into practice, and how this affects the general public company. The reason for the public company is because they are more regulated than a private company. Another reason is in a private company, the director and the owner could be the same person, therefore they are acting in their own self-interest. A coin has two sides, as does CSR; those fore and those against it. Academics such as Friedman and Samuelson’s work are discussed as well as recent history showing corporate failure. With the current talks of global warming and climate changes, it is necessary to mention these in any CSR report. This paper then tackles the question of climate financing. The research goes on to explain the what; how and why climate finance is done. This is then evidenced through a case study illustrating a company that practices CSR from within the company. The case study then explains several different climate financing opportunities that have been recognised through partnerships across the world. There is only one planet earth, and the time is now for each to take responsibility for their actions and give back some small portion towards restoration and healing for what has been taken for granted over the centuries. A small sacrifice today will save tomorrow; if everyone keeps to this thought. 2. Thoughts on CSR Over the years, CSR has been defined in many ways each according to the author; however the underlying essence is always the same that is to take responsibility, and act in an ethically expected manner. A broad definition of CSR is a company taking responsibility for its actions from its course of business. This action is in terms of society and the environment, the larger portion of the stakeholders. CSR is a very broad subject and can include human resources; environment issues; sustainable development; waste management and health and safety practices (www.cbi.org.uk). CSR can be voluntary or legislative bound, depending on the country and their laws. Hopkins definition of CSR is that it is concerned with treating the stakeholders of a business ethically and in a responsible manner in a civilised society. This definition looks at social as both economic and environmental responsibility. He goes on to state that stakeholders form within the organisation as well as out; this would include the community. The bottom line is to create a better and higher standard of living for the stakeholders whilst still maintaining a profitable organisation (Hopkins, 2009). 3.OVERVIEW Early days to csr CSR has been around for many centuries, some citing’s from as early as the 1800’s include the work of Robert Owen; the Cadbury family and Sir Titus Salt (Hoskins, 2008). The philosophy laid down by them is still in practice in today’s business world. Robert Owen believed that an individual’s environment has a direct impact on their personality, thus he created a community for his employees of the textile factory. This included houses and schools. He also set certain standards regarding a working day that it should be 12 hours long; young children were to attend nursery and infant schooling, while the other children including those that worked at the factory, had to attend secondary schooling (Hoskins, 2008). George Cadbury, two decades later added to Owen’s philosophy, by providing housing, education, training, pension and medical schemes for his then 2,500 employees in the factory (Hoskins, 2008). Their decisions came about either through religion, the Cadbury’s being Quakers, or from the simple business frame of mind, that workers that were happy on the home front, with less burdens, will be more productive workers, which entails better profit margins. Owen’s work influenced politicians and later Parliament, where in 1832, the law for children under the age of 18 years was amended to a maximum working day of 10 hours, and in 1870 the Education Act made it compulsory for all children in the UK to have access to education (Hoskins, 2008). why Due to things such as climate change; global warming; rights of an individual; people are becoming more aware and conscience of what they are doing. The power of people such as directors has also come into the public eye; the directors are the minority people but with the mass power and are they doing the moral and ethically correct thing when it comes to the running of a business. There are several reasons as to why CSR has come about; the most important are highlighted below. The shareholder The shareholder started noticing the amount of power the directors of the companies hold and that direct relationship to their remuneration packages. You read "CSR: Spreading the benefits and shortcomings towards economic development" in category "Essay examples" The shareholder is the ultimate owner of the company, but the director is managing the company, the question to whose benefit has been raised. The shareholders having seen situations where the directors have acted in their self-interest and not the company, decided to take action, by forming several committees within a company, so that no one individual has monopoly over decisions. It is due to this that companies now have a remuneration committee; audit committee; and corporate governance committee. Company failures such as Enron, have made shareholders more aware of the power directors hold. Globalisation There have been large co-operations that have been dominating in the developing countries. Through their power they have been exploiting these countries, and taking no responsibility for their actions. It has been through activists demonstrating at World Summits that have brought attention to this. These companies exploited developing countries and economies through cheaper labour; degradation on land and in some instances toxic waste polluting the water. Political initiatives Things such as the Kyoto protocols and REACH (Research, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) have made countries more aware of the environment, and the damage being done. Government have changed their outlook on businesses understanding that without businesses taking ownership for their part of it, and with no legislature expectations, this is the only way to get positive outcomes. The Kyoto protocols have made countries aware of the development of environmental and global warming. Even if countries are not part of the Kyoto, they are making the companies aware of their responsibilities. REACH is an organisation that protects the environment from new chemicals; their outlook is that if a new product is considered to have a long-term hazardous effect on the environment, it is best to not put this product into the market, this includes pesticides and rodenticides (Hoskins, 2008). 4. CSR – How: The environment A statement including the environment or regarding the environment is a very broad area of discussion, but this can be narrowed by the companies environment, government, state and even individual’s environment. CSR is a global practice, however legislature over CSR varies from country to country, where only some parts to it are being practiced or is expected by law. Therefore it has been left up to organisations to decide if they wish to engage in CSR and to what extent. The government cannot force the area as it is not law to conform to CSR; however companies are asked if they are in compliance with such protocols as mentioned below. Some countries don’t consider CSR as important as Corporate Social Investment (CSI), that it is more important to invest in the community that will reap the rewards than to consider it a responsibility. Such is the case in South Africa where CSI by definition is the outreach to the community and social development without the intention of generating business income (Brown). The saying of ‘take it with a pinch of salt’, is appropriate here, if adopting a Friedman approach. However as Samuelson stated this is the way forward of business. If a business, whose sole purpose is to gain in profits, is doing something with no intention of gaining in business income, it defeats the purpose of a business. What this definition lacks to point out is that businesses do generate income from this sort of ‘advertising’, in an indirect manner. The business is not out in the community advertising its business and its products, but what it is doing is advertising its b usiness doing well in a community. This makes the community feel happy and appreciative of the act being done, and so subconsciously that community will take its business towards that company playing its part in CSI. For example if this company is a bank, this community might decide to move their accounts to this particular bank, or if it was an insurance company, and people in the community were thinking about taking out life, disability or any sort of insurance, they will most probably use this company. Therefore even though these companies are investing into these communities, without the intention of business income, they reap the rewards of indirect business. Over the years there has been considerable damage to the environment through the advancement of the individuals’ needs; with the first major issue being advertised was the hole in the ozone layer. Since then becoming ‘environmentally friendly’ has become a serious issue, with people changing their habits; trying to reduce their carbon footprint, and doing good by the environment. Businesses are now taking responsibility for their actions in several ways; those organisations that have been operating in developing countries, and making use of the cheaper resources there, have now started giving back to these countries through building schools and development centres in these locations, some even go as far as building hospitals. They are giving these communities education and health care. Some companies have a policy for recycling and rebuilding forests. These are just a few aspects that have been done, in the chapter to follow a more detailed look of climate financing and its impact. Due to the degradation of the environment over the centuries, organisations with the best interest of the environment have become more vocal about the needs and wants of the environment. This can be viewed from an aerial view of the world, the continents and then the countries within. At each level there are environmental legislature, regulations and protocols; policies and certifications that need to be adhered to. A summary of the most important protocols are mentioned in the Table below. This is broken down into the world governed by the United Nations (UN); then the continent or area, in this case the European Union (EU), and finally country specific which here is the United Kingdom (UK). These rules and regulations generally have more of an impact on public companies because they are governed by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The bottom line to climate change and its impact to a business are on its profit. Businesses and its stakeholders have to weigh out the cost benefit analysis of climate change on development and growth of the organisation. These companies will have to now comply with emission control systems regulating the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) they let out into the atmosphere, which will have a direct impact on the company’s capital expenditure in order to have the correct equipment, and hence its profit. Such companies will include refineries and power plants (Fontinelle). The amount of GHG let out into the atmosphere will be noted in a database and monitored. According to EU ETS, companies will be given a limit of these gases, they are allowed to release, and once the company has reached its limit, it will have to pay for credits from other countries in order to release anymore gases. This credit based system can be bought and sold amongst countries, allowing countries with a low emission level a chance to boost its economy through selling its extra credits. Even in a situation concerning the environment, everything has a price to it. Companies that need to purchase extra credits will want to minimise its effects on the profit margin therefore, they would most probably increase their prices of the goods and services it offers. These goods and services could be used by those same countries that sold their extra credits, which then cancels off their profits from selling the credits. Weather patterns are another area of climate change that affects businesses. There could be severe storms in certain areas, and then extreme to that, droughts in other parts of the world, both effecting agricultural life. Countries that are exporters of these goods might not have crops to harvest, and then if they do have smaller crops due to weather changes, they could increase that price in order to make up for the shortfall. Insurance companies could be facing major losses due to climate change, and could possibly be thinking of relooking at their current policies. Things that were covered as natural disasters and the ‘act of Go d’, which was not frequent events, is now becoming more frequent with global warming, and insurance companies have to pay out on many insurance policies. The effect of both the climate change and the price increase of the products can leave consumers seeking alternatives or even not needing such items anymore. If temperatures have increased and countries are not facing sever winters anymore, then the industry supplying items such as heaters, and winter clothing might not be required to the same degree, and thus could face closure. A company’s reputation is also at risk. If a company so chooses not to go ahead with these policies, for a ‘greener, eco-friendly’ option, its clients as well as its business partners could be jeopardised. The image portrayed will be that of deliberately damaging the environment instead of preserving it. In any organisation there is a lot of competition and clients or consumers in these organisations can easily more from one competitor to another, thus each business needs to have a sound business plan if it does not want to lose consumers to its competitors. Table 1 (Hoskins, 2008) Companies have taken these above protocols into account, and have begun projects throughout the world to reduce the negative impact it has had on the environment. One of the ways of this being implemented is through climate financing, which is discussed in the following section. 5. The other side of the coin The forerunners on CSR have been Milton Friedman and Paul A Samuelson, with Friedman against and Samuelson for CSR. According to Davies, in his approach of weighing out the advantages and disadvantages of CSR, the approach taken by business cannot end where the law ends, if a company does not do any more than the minimum, then society breaks away from that company and associates with companies that are doing more for the community (Davis, 1973). His case for CSR includes long run self-interest; viability of business; avoidance of government regulation and sociocultural norms. He continues to add that there are reasons why CSR is not a good policy to adopt, he points out Friedman’s profit maximization, where mangers are acting on behalf of shareholders just to maximise profits; that cost of social investment could drive out many medium size business and the lack of accountability the business has on the community, therefore it really is not wise to give them such power with no accountability. According to Karnani, CSR can only work efficiently if it is government imposed and regulated (Karnani, 2010). Karnani points out that the firms are only interested in profit maximization and it only appears that they are interested in social responsibility. This is carried through in the example of fast food restaurants, that now also offer healthier options on fast foods, but this is just done to gain a wider part of the market, and ultimately increase profits, it is not done for the greater good on human kind. Another example is of the motor industry; developing energy efficient models. This does have a positive impact on the environment, but according to Karnani, the only reason for such production is profit maximisation (Karnani, 2010). If CSR was government imposed, firms will not have a choice and will have to sacrifice that portion of profits towards social responsibility. It will also be streamlined across the industry that is if government impose a percentage on profit as t he proportion to social responsibility, all firms in that market sector and size will be reaching out to the community and environment in the same monetary value. This will then not leave one firm at a disadvantage to the next, and allowing it to lose its competitive advantage. Corporate responsibility cannot be complete without a mention of Enron. This was one of the single largest failures in United States of America’s history. This organisation once promoted its core values of respect, integrity and excellence, was ultimately brought down through its weak financial foundations and a web of deceit (Enron, The Ultimate lesson in Irresponsibility, 2003). The poor business decisions through failed deals and projects that accounted to billions of dollars in debt were falsely hidden in special purpose vehicles. Enron was audited by Arthur Anderson auditing firm, and they too allowed this to continue, or were pressured to ignoring it, with citing on them shredding documentation (Baker, 2007). 6. how crs: CLIMATE FINANCING Definition Climate change is something that is impacting on every individual throughout the world, and thus countries and stakeholders are seeing the importance of establishing long term goals and plans to offset some of the damage already done on the environment (Halsnaes Shukla, 2007). Countries and stakeholders are not just following protocols and policies set by for example the UN, Kyoto or Copenhagen; they are in fact doing what they can when and where possible, understanding that this needs to be a wide spread participation. This is discussed later through the case study on Standard Bank Global and their projects throughout Africa and the partnership with Australia and Germany. The Christian Aid defined climate financing as part of a compensation for the damage done by the rich countries over the past 2 centuries through industrialisation and economic growth (The Christian Aid, 2009). By definition a developing country is lagging in technology and resources hence making it a developing country. Climate financing is to assist these developing countries to continue developing and growing their economies, but with a lower carbon emission, by using more natural gases and solar energy. Ways to Climate Financing Climate financing can be done in several ways, most depending on the government and stakeholders opinions on what is most needed. This question will be answered from a business point of view, that is with cost benefit analysis done and the impact on profit margins both in the short and long term as these financing options should have long term goal strategies to them. Financing could occur in the most direct form through reduction of GHG or indirectly through water and sanitation of villages; restoration of shorelines, forest conservation and agriculture, to name just a few. 7. CASE STUDIES The best way to understand and illustrate the work of CSR and of climate finance is through actual examples. Through this both the benefits and costs will be shown. The case study selected is Standard Bank of South Africa (SBSA), which is one of the largest banks in South Africa, with interests in Africa; South America and the United Kingdom. SBSA being part of the financial services have both direct and indirect impacts on society and the environment. This is managed indirectly through screening corporate loans, ensuring their customers manage the social and environmental risks associated with their activities, and directly through business activities that are more energy efficient and carbon footprint reducing (Standard Bank, 2010). They have become members of World Wildlife Fund South Africa (WWF-SA) and of the United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI). These global partnerships occurred in 2010. SBSA promotes environment responsibility from within. Carbon Financing SBSA recognise that through global advancement and development, the environment may not have always been a high level priority however with climate changes; it has now become an important part on the agenda. The African continent as well as other emerging markets is more likely to cause more damage unto the environment for the sake of development, than the developed nations, and it is through this reason that SBSA are in constant discussions regarding ways to best assist African nations to adapt with climate changes, without forsaking their economic development. These discussions are with governments to these countries as well as external parties interested in becoming partners on such campaigns. These campaigns include managing water stress and the degradation of agricultural land. On a broader aspect, SBSA are participating on initiatives to internalise the cost of climate change and generate carbon prices through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and financing energy efficient projects in Africa to overcome energy shortages and generate tradable carbon credits (Standard Bank, 2010). CDM is part of the Kyoto Protocol, which allows countries to develop emission reduction projects in developing countries, thereby allowing these countries to sell these credits which can be counted towards their Kyoto target (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). An indirect effect of CDM is the creation of new revenue, access to energy, job creation and technology transfer, all areas of importance in the African continent for growth and development. Carbon financing and trading SBSA is a financial institution and through this has financed carbon markets in Africa and South East Asia totalling 20m tonnes of GHG’s, 2010. They have now partnered with the United Nations Environment Programme and the German government’s climate initiative to form the African Carbon Asset Development Facility (ACAD), which provides financial and technical assistance to developers committed to low carbon development as well as education and training to institutions in order to bring Africa as a key member of the carbon market. Carbon Financing Deals SBSA have been involved in several carbon financing deals, these include partnerships with Australian and African companies. A few of the most recent transactions have been highlighted below. COOL NRG The Australian based Cool nrg is a company known for its resources to reduce energy consumption on a large scale. Cool nrg has developed and managed a programme in Mexico, with energy efficient light bulbs; this is the first of such programmes under the Kyoto Protocols. SBSA have partnered with Cool nrg in 2010, with funding and will purchase up to 19% of carbon credits. SBSA also intend on using the Mexican model in Africa, on low income households, reducing the cost of energy on them. The by-product of this is CO2 emissions reduction and creating energy security (Standard Bank, 2010). HAND-HELD LED LIGHTS – TANZANIA SBSA ventured into Tanzania on another carbon financing deal. This deal was replacing kerosene lamps with hand held light emitting diode (LED) lights. The deal was funded through buying the carbon credits that were generated through the large scale replacement of fossil fuel lighting. This was introduced to 1.5 million homes in Tanzania, which not only increased the average household annual income by $150, but is much safer than using kerosene, both to the environment and the individuals who suffer from severe burns, and respiratory problems from inhalation of the gas. The expected national savings was $200 million and Tanzania’s GHG’s emissions reduced by 700 000 metric tonnes (Standard Bank, 2010). KENYA POWER AND LIGHTING COMPANY In 2010, SBSA and Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) have gone into a five year partnership. This is part of the clean energy projects from the UN’s CDM. A total of 1.3 million free energy saving light bulbs were distributed across East Africa, this initiative have reduced their electricity demand by 45 megawatts (Standard Bank, 2010). ZOOMLION GHANA SBSA and Ghana’s leading waste management company, Zoomlion Ghana, have signed agreements for the forward sale of carbon credits. This is through the emission reductions of methane gas from the decomposition of organic waste. Refuse will no longer be dumped in a waste dump, but will be moved to a solid waste sorting and composting facility, located in Greater Accra. The anticipation of this agreement is that in 2011, an average of 300 tonnes of daily waste will be processed, with this doubling by 2013 (Standard Bank, 2010). SOLAR WATER HEATING In South Africa, there is only one provider of electricity, that is Eskom, therefore the people of South Africa have no choice but to give a large portion of their daily income towards their electricity bills. Due to the ever increasing price of electricity, and low income households unable to continue paying these bills, the South African government have committed to installing 1 million solar water heaters in low income households, by the end of 2014. This will allow these people to no longer be cold, the pressure of the national electricity grid will be reduced, and CO2 emissions will also be reduced. In 2010 SABA along with The Solar Academy of Sub-Saharan Africa and International Carbon came together to have 230 000 solar water heaters installed in various municipalities. SBSA are providing the finance; funding the CDM registration and underwriting the carbon purchase until 2020 (Standard Bank, 2010). SBSA is an example of an organisation that practices CSR within its business framework as well as external. It expects the same standard from its partners in business, which is a good standing for other organisations to follow. 8. SUMMARY CSR is viewed in many ways as the various definitions and academics haven proven. It is through this that the debate on CSR will continue to grow. The essence of the recent development of CSR has come about due to mistrust in the directors of major companies, as well as more climate awareness amongst individuals. The stakeholders of these companies have started to question the directors long term plans, and to whose benefit these plans are for, whether the plans of the business; the director the environment are all in sync, or with such power; has these long term plans become more skewed towards self-fulfilment. The ultimate goal for these companies is to be creating as much value as possible. By companies doing more than just complying with regulations, and taking the initiatives to pledge to community and environmental upgrading, they will be winning back the trust of their stakeholders, and this will ultimately lead to a successful business. Different countries have different business and cultural approaches, and CSR will never be practiced the same in each country. The principal behind CSR however should be universal, just the same as the reason for a business to exist, is to make a profit. References 1. Alert Net The Worlds Humanitarian News Site. (n.d.). Retrieved May 30, 2011, from Alert Net Web site: http://www.trust.org/alertnet/blogs/climate-conversations/climate-finance-after-mobilisation-then-what 2. Baker, M. (2007, October 7). Corporate Social Responsibility. Retrieved May 27, 2011, from Corporate Social Responsibilty Web site: http://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/CSRfiles/enron.html 3. Brown, A. (n.d.). CSI or CSR – Are you a Learning NPORetrieved May 8, 2011, from http://www.sangonet.org.za/conf2010/article/csi-or-csr-are-you-learning-npo 4. CBI The Voice of The Business. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2011, from CBI The Voice of The Business Web site: http://www.cbi.org.uk/ndbs/content.nsf/802737AED3E3420580256706005390AE/9D502144AC9F644380256F58005BD16C 5. Davis, K. (1973). The Case For and Against Business Assumption of Social Responsibility. Academy of Mangement Journal, 312-322. 6. Enron, The Ultimate lesson in Irresponsibility. (2003). Strategic Direction, 10-13. 7. Fontinelle, E. (n.d.). Investopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2011, from Investopedia Web site: http://financialedge.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0210/7-Ways-Climate-Change-Affects-Companies.aspx 8. Halsnaes, K., Shukla, P. (2007). Sustainable development as a framework for developing country participation in international climate change policies. Springer Science + Business Media. 9. Hopkins, M. (2009). Corporate Social Responsiblity International Development. London: Earthscan. 10. Hoskins, T. (2008). The ICSA Corporate Social Responsibility Handbook. London: ICSA Information Training Ltd. 11. Karnani, A. (2010). The Case Against Corporate Social Responsibility. The Wall Street Journal. 12. Standard Bank. (2010). Retrieved May 28, 2011, from Standard Bank Sustainability Web site: https://sustainability.standardbank.com/environment/ 13. The Christian Aid. (2009, July). Retrieved May 20, 2011, from The Christian Aid Web site: http://www.christianaid.org.uk/images/signposts-climate-finance.pdf 14. The Economist. (2005). Retrieved May 20, 2011, from The Economist Web site: http://www.economist.com/node/1491618 15. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2011, from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Web site: http://unfccc.int/2860.php 16. Visser, W., Tolhurst, N. (2010). The World Guide to CSR, A Country-by-Country Analysis of Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility. Sheffield: Greenleaf How to cite CSR: Spreading the benefits and shortcomings towards economic development, Essay examples

Two Theories Of Leadership And Comparison Free-Samples for Students

Question: Choose two theories of Leadership as listed in the Study Schedule above, and compare and contrast these in terms of how they contribute to your understanding of leading. Answer: Introduction: Situational leadership and trait theory of leadership are two important leadership theories. The effectiveness of the application of these two theories is plausible in the business world. Behavioural trait is important for both but the prime influence of the leadership is getting emerged from external reality for situational leadership and from the internal characteristics for trait theory (Northouse, 2012). The personality of the leader cast a magic spell over the leadership quality. The demand of the situation invites the flexibility of the leadership in case of the situational leadership. Goal orientation is indispensible in both of the cases but the in case of the situational leadership the visionary character of the leader is important. The leader need to offer effective guidance to the follower that is the reason the leader himself does bare the responsibility of the leaded people that is the reason he must possess a personality that is different from other (Selznick, 2011). Th e behavioural trait of the leader is very important to judge the quality of the leadership that he does offers to the group. Leader used to poses an authoritative attitude top motivate and inculcate the team member. But different leadership theory has defined different types of authoritative attitude of the leaders. Effectiveness of the authority is one of the major aspects that used to get measure to evaluate the quality of the leader and his leadership. Two theories of leadership and comparison: Situational leadership theory and trait theory of leadership are two theories related with leadership. These two theories are harbouring contradictory point of view regarding leadership (Wheatley, 2011). Situational leadership summary: Situational leadership developed on the basis of the demand of the situation task behaviour is important for the situational leaders. The relationships with all the socio economic factors are equally important here. Situational theory of leadership Trait theory of leadership This leadership is not fix it used to get change according to the situation. This leadership is situational dependent leadership (Goleman etal.,2013). This is the goal driven leadership need to address the situational demand. High level problem solving capacity. Context based leadership. Clear vision is one of the major traits of this type of leadership (Aaker Joachimsthaler, 2012). Put stress on personal characteristics Leader and followers are getting compare Believes in the inborn leadership quality Characteristic centric leadership Must have the achievement drive of leadership. Charisma, creativity and flexibility in leadership. Psychological leadership of leadership High level of self confidence. Honesty integrity and trustworthiness in character. Emotional maturity of the leader. Contrast of the two theories: Situational leadership is depending on the external influence that is situation for its application. It can be said this leadership is the situation driven leadership. The leaders are flexible in this case. They can adopt any policy that can serve the situational purpose. In this type of leadership practice the leader need to be object driven and he must harbour a clear vision of aim or the goal of the leadership (DePree, 2011). Trait theory is based on the external factor that is the quality or the attribute of the leader. This leadership theory believes that the leader must harbour some character trait that can help him at the time of the leadership. This leadership theory put stress on the personal character of the individual as leader rather the demand of the situation (Spillane, 2012). Example of two leaders: The example of situational leader: John Davison Rockefeller Sr. was a stallward in American oil industry at the same time he become popular as philanthropist. He got manifested as the richest person in American history. He is the leader; started his carrier as a book keeper. The initial business involvement of this leader in the domain of food business, from that he made a jump to the business of oil refinery. The growth and the development of him become phenomenal in nature (Nahavandi, 2016). During the phase of his development Rockefeller came across harsh competition he needed to interact with the contenders from the different part of the country different community. The interactions with contenders were successful for him (Jackson Parry, 2011). His organisation Standard Oil Company acquired many of the contenders. The leadership decision of Rockefeller used get change on the demand of the situation. The process of horizontal integration was the part of the strategy of Rockefelle r. The strategy was aggressive enough that is the reason he has to face law suit in different time because the practice of his organisation lead towards monopoly. The organisation harbours ambition to establish reign over the oil market of the country. As the leader Rockefeller faced different types of allegation due the legal infringement. In order to define the nature of the leadership of Rockefeller it is important to focus certain character trait of the leader. After study the character of this leader one can find the ideal character of a situational leader (Ward, 2016). Shuttle mentality or the shrewdness of the character is one of the significance of the personality of this leader. Winning attitude of the leader is getting represented by the shrewdness of the leader. The character of the situational, leader is the leader need to object driven and sure regarding the goal of the endeavour he suppose to be adamant to achieve the goal that character is getting reflected in the behaviour of Rockefeller. The reputation development is one of the major intentions of the endeavour that has been committed by Rockefeller, because as the leader he used to look at the broader spectrum and the sustainability (Hargreaves Fink, 2012). That attitude is traceable to the situational leaders. The issue of sustainability is one of the hunting issues for the leaders of contemporary period. That has been realised by Rockefeller that is the reason he was moving ahead of time. Public reputation of the leader is one of the factors that strengthen the possibility of the sus tainability. The visionary attitude is one of the major character trait of the situational leader sustainability is one of the issue that can get envisaged by the situational leader. The concept of corporate CSR has been envisaged by Rockefeller. Offering support to the society is the part of the sustainability strategy of Rockefeller. That is another attitude of the visionary leader who can think for long term achievement. When a business is taking from the society it is the important duty for that organisation to pay back to the society. Rockefeller took attempt in this regard (Daft, 2014). Courage is one of the significance of situational relationship. The situational, leader need to address the demand of the situation with courage. That quality got reflected in the leadership behaviour of Rockefeller. As the leader he demonstrated his courage in the different situations. Te clear vision regarding the target of the mission empowered the leadership quality of Rockefeller (DuBrin, 2015). Example of the trait leader: Richard Bronson is one of the leading contemporary business personalities of world. The owner of brand Virgin has established his name as one of the leading business leader as well as philanthropist. The group created by him is controller of 400 companies in all over the world. The success in the financial domain has made him one of the richest business icons in the country as well as in all over the world. The quality of the leadership is one of the significant traits of Richard Branson the leader can be treated as a trait leader in this regard. The leadership traits of Richard Bronson are following (Beck Cowan, 2014), As a leader Bronson describe himself as the rule barker. The innovative approach of the leadership is one of his significance as the leader. This is one of the character traits of the trait leader. Trait leader must have the high level of confidence. That has been reflected in the character of Richard Bronson. The theory of trait leadership believe that the great leader always born but not make (Kellerman, 2012). It is not possible to make the leader but the born leader always harbours certain attribute to become a great leader. It has been traced in the life of Richard Bronson. The quality of the personality of Bronson is one of the significance of his leadership process. The sociability of his character represents the quality of the trait leader in this regard. Bronson is an achievement oriented leader. He is focus on the target he supposes to achieve the approach of his leadership move towards that direction .Delegation is another great quality a leader can have that poses by Bron son. In case of delegation does harbour some specific method. He finds out the right people from within his one organisation and trained them in a proper manner to take care of the responsibility of the specific department. In this case he works as the head of the talent acquisition team (Chhokar et al.,2013). The quality of the trait leader got manifested in honesty integrity and self confidence. That has been manifested in the character of Richard Bronson. As the leader he has earn an wider acceptance to the global population that is the reason he himself has developed a brand value as the leader. The excellence of the quality is another significance of trait leadership. That has got reflected in the character of Richer Bronson (Skowronek, 2011). He prefers to break rule to create new one that is the reason he has earn the support and credibility from the ordinary staffs of his organisation. He never remains isolated in his own cocoon rather prefer to get mingled in all the level. That is the great way of communication for the leader of the organisation. The leader needs to have the willingness to listen the others. That has been reflected in character of Bronson. He is accessible personality in the organisation that is the reason it can be said that he prefer communication and listen ot her. Hands on approach are one of the significance of the Mr. Bronson. This is one of the representation of his self confidences the leader of the organisation that is one of the prominent nature of the trait leader of any organisation (Johnston, et al.,2016). Learning from the mistake is one of the significance of the Mr. Bronson as leader. The decision making is one of the critical processes the leader of the organisation used to get judge on the basis of this. Monitoring the whole process of the decision making is one of the ways to observe the flaws in the process. Farther development can get done on this basis. Situation and the follower are two important factors in this leadership theory (Carver, 2011).. In trait theory the personal characteristic of the leader make string influence over the leadership behaviour of the leader that has been witnessed in the character of Richard Bronson. Generosity communication skill those are important for the leader that has been reflected in the character of Bronson. The focus behaviour and the attentive attitude of the leader is one of the major significance of the trait leadership (Gaines, 2012). The reason of the communication to direct all the leaded towards the attainment of a specific goal, the goal oriented behaviour always standardise the character of the leader. That is the reason the goal oriented behaviour standardise the activity of the leader that type of representation has been witnessed in the behaviour of Richard Bronson. Integrity is one of the characters of the goal driven leadership such as Richard Bronson. The issue of integrity is directly connected with team performance of the organisation. That is the reason the leader need to maintain the integrity within the team. The team can get the inspiration out of the behaviour of the leader. Passion is one of the significance of the trait leader. That representation is traceable in the behaviour of Richard Brinson. The passionate attitude of Bronson is o ne of the significance of his leadership that can inspire the team and the organisation and lead them towards the optimum goal (Briggs et al.,2012). Conclusion: From above discussion it can be said that the nature of situational and trait leadership is different but there are similarity among them. Both type leader reships are object driven. The external factors and its influence has made situational leadership more flexible in this type of leadership the leader can change is trait on the basis of the demand from the environment the external factors are the dominating force in this regard. In trait leadership the quality of the individual leader can offer significance in the leadership process (Renz, 2016). The quality of the leadership is depending up on the objective that has fix in front of the leader because passion and integrity is character of the leadership. From the perspective of the pragmatic need of the situation it can be said that situational leadership is the most suitable leadership among this two because this leadership can offer sufficient flexibility to the leader and the major target of the leader to meet the situational r equirement that is the reason the leadership skill can serve the great purpose to the team in a specific situation under this leadership. References: Aaker, D. A., Joachimsthaler, E. (2012).Brand leadership. Simon and Schuster. Beck, D. E., Cowan, C. (2014).Spiral dynamics: Mastering values, leadership and change. John Wiley Sons. Briggs, A. R., Morrison, M., Coleman, M. (2012).Research methods in educational leadership and management. Sage Publications. Carver, J. (2011).Boards that make a difference: A new design for leadership in nonprofit and public organizations(Vol. 6). John Wiley Sons. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Daft, R. L. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. DePree, M. (2011).Leadership is an art. Crown Business. DuBrin, A. J. (2015).Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Gaines, K. K. (2012).Uplifting the race: Black leadership, politics, and culture in the twentieth century. UNC Press Books. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2013).Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Hargreaves, A., Fink, D. (2012).Sustainable leadership(Vol. 6). John Wiley Sons. Jackson, B., Parry, K. (2011).A very short fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about studying leadership. Sage. Johnston, M. W., Marshall, G. W. (2016).Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Kellerman, B. (2012).The end of leadership. New York, NY: Harper Business. Nahavandi, A. (2016).The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Northouse, P. G. (2012).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Renz, D. O. (2016).The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John Wiley Sons. Selznick, P. (2011).Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation. Quid Pro Books. Skowronek, S. (2011).Presidential leadership in political time. University Press of Kansas. Spillane, J. P. (2012).Distributed leadership(Vol. 4). John Wiley Sons. Ward, J. (2016).Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. Springer. Wheatley, M. (2011).Leadership and the new science: Discovering order in a chaotic world. ReadHowYouWant. com.

altered states of consciousness Essays - Philosophy Of Mind

The function and process of perception can vary depending on a particular state of consciousness. Normal waking consciousness is a mental state that encompasses the thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that occur when we are awake and reasonably alert (Morris whether naturally or self-induced. While sensory data is inevitable, the brain's interpretation and perception of such stimuli during an altered state of consciousness will differ from that of waking consciousness. This mini-paper will elaborate on the effects of perception, including its process and function, related to three altered states of consciousness. The first being sleep and dreams, next drug-altered consciousness, followed by hypnosis. Before discussing the effects of perception while in an altered state, an overview of the basic function and process of perception in a normal setting is needed. Sensation is the body's initial encounter with a sensory experience. This begins when the sensory receptors receive energy from a particular stimulus, which trigger receptor cells. The physical energy is converted into electrochemicals, then passes along sensory nerves, to the central nervous system where the brain receives the energy as a detailed message. However, not all physical energy produces a sensation. A minimum intensity, termed absolute threshold, must be achieved in order to produce a sensation. Perception takes place when the message reaches the brain and is then deciphered. Here, the sensory information is organized and interpreted to be made sense of. Using sensory information as raw material, the brain creates perceptual experiences that go beyond what is sensed directly (Morris & Maisto, 2010, p. 106). Again , this is the series of events in the normal waking state of consciousness. During an altered state of consciousness the effect, process, and/or function of perception may vary. Sleep is the body's natural way of recharging itself mentally and physically. Research has shown that adequate sleep contributes to cognitive functioning such as enhanced creativity, decision-making, and problem-solving skills, and also crucial to the formation of long-term memories (Morris However, REM is a deep sleep, it is difficult to wake the person, and is when most dreaming takes place. Dreams, in a way, could be considered perception. The brain subconsciously interprets information without the need of sensory stimulation. Psychologists define dreams as visual and auditory experiences that our minds create during sleep (Morris & Maisto, 2010, p. 131). This is an example of a natural occurrence of altering consciousness. Drug-altered consciousness on the other hand, is self-induced. Psychoactive drugs are substances that change people's moods, perceptions, mental functioning, or behavior (Morris & Maisto, 2010, p. 134). Drugs are taken to purposely alter one's state of consciousness. To analyze the effect drugs have on the nervous system, three categories of drugs will be mentioned: depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Depressants slow behavior, thinking, and perception by increasing or decreasing nerve impulses. Stimulants, such as amphetamines, produce feelings of optimism as well as never-ending energy by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. These drugs cause the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings (Weil, n.d.). Lastly, hallucinogens distort the user's senses and induce perceptual changes by causing experiences that resemble hallucinations. A positive for psychoactive drugs is the ability to explore different parts of the brain while in this altered state of consciousness. Although, the negative consequences of abuse and add iction are high risk. The last section is a technique that has been used for centuries for positivity, without the risk. Hypnosis is a trancelike state in which a person responds readily to suggestions (Morris & Maisto, 2010, p. 150). This is an altered state of consciousness that works like sleep. The subconscious person receives a suggestion, which acts as a stimulus, and is sent to and interpreted by the brain. Hypnosis can help ease pain as well as cure an addiction. In conclusion, perceptual experiences vary in different forms of consciousness. Whether it be the sensory organs or the brain itself, interpretation of the coded message is somehow changed.

SUNY at Purchase College Admissions and Acceptance Rate

SUNY at Purchase College Admissions and Acceptance Rate Students applying to SUNY at Purchase College will need to submit, along with an application, high school transcripts, SAT or ACT scores, and a personal essay. For complete instructions and information about applying, be sure to visit Purchases website, or contact the admissions office. With an acceptance rate of 44  percent, the school seems selective; still, those with good grades and test scores have a good chance of being admitted. Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) SUNY Purchase Acceptance Rate: 44  percentGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Purchase College AdmissionsTest Scores:  25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 500 / 610SAT Math: 470 / 570What These SAT Numbers MeanSUNY SAT Comparison TableACT Composite: 20  / 27ACT English: 21 / 29ACT Math: 19 / 26What These ACT Numbers MeanSUNY ACT Comparison Table SUNY at Purchase College Description The State University of New York Purchase College occupies a 550-acre campus in Westchester Country, just 35 miles from New York City. The college is unique among the SUNY schools because of its strong conservatory-based arts programs. The college wins high marks for both the arts and the liberal arts and sciences. Purchase College also ranks highly for its educational value. Few high quality conservatory programs come with such low tuition for either in-state or out-of-state applicants. The college is selective, and enrolled students can expect an intense undergraduate experience. The campus is residential with 65 percent of students living on campus, and student life is active with a wide range of clubs, organizations, and intramural sports. On the intercollegiate athletic front, the Purchase College Panthers compete in the NCAA Division III Skyline Conference. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 4,156  (4,053 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 44 percent male / 56 percent female91  percent full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $8,298  (in-state); $18,148  (out-of-state)Books: $1,298  (why so much?)Room and Board: $12,952Other Expenses: $3,215Total Cost: $25,763  (in-state); $35,613 (out-of-state) Purchase College Financial Aid (2015-16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 88  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 58 percentLoans: 55 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $7,153Loans: $6,558 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Art History, Dance, Drama, English, Film Production, History, Journalism, Liberal Arts, Music, Psychology, Visual and Performing ArtsWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation, Retention and Transfer Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 81 percentTransfer Out Rate: 25  percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 53  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 62  percent Learn About Other SUNY Campuses: Albany  |  Alfred State  |  Binghamton  |  Brockport  |  Buffalo  |  Buffalo State  |  Cobleskill  |  Cortland  |  Env. Science/Forestry  |  Farmingdale  |  FIT  |  Fredonia  |  Geneseo  |  Maritime  |  Morrisville  |  New Paltz  |  Old Westbury  |  Oneonta  |  Oswego  |  Plattsburgh  |  Polytechnic  |  Potsdam  |  Purchase  |  Stony Brook If You Like SUNY Purchase, You May Also Like These Schools: Hofstra University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNew York University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphIthaca College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAlfred University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSyracuse University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphHunter College (CUNY): Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBrooklyn College (CUNY): Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphEmerson College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAdelphi University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphQueens College (CUNY): Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Sports   Mens Varsity: Baseball, Basketball, Cross Country, Golf, Lacrosse, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis, VolleyballWomens Varsity: Basketball, Cross Country, Lacrosse, Soccer, Softball, Swimming, Tennis, Voleyball Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Global Financial Crisis Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Financial Crisis Research Paper - Essay Example This paper will analyze the actions taken by Samsung’s leadership following the world financial crisis of the year 2007-2008. The experience of Samsung Company in the year 2008 was quite different from the Asia financial crisis of 1997. The pre-global crisis of the year 2007 to 2008 offered varying opportunities from the one that was experienced ten years before. The company was at a different level compared to 1977 and 1987 when the company was at its infancy. As it was realized later, even before the crisis of 2007 the company faced varying tension as it role in the Korean market continued to change. The company had not yet learned from the previous crisis and was unprepared when the global crisis struck. The company’s leadership was divided though dialogues, disagreement and arguments as a result of one group wanting the company to remain as original as possible while the other group wanted to challenge everything that was being experienced in the company. Both sides were however shaken by the global financial crisis of 2007-2008 (Lee, 4). Political issues led to the chairman of the company resigning in 2008, a slowdown in the drivers of business was registered 2007 and the triumph of the Korean voice that led to the resignation of Yun as well as the onset of the global economic crisis that hit the country at around October 2008 were among the challenges that were faced by the company. Since the world economic crisis that was experienced by the company in 2008, Samsung Company has proceeded on the path of becoming one of the globe’s leading organizations in terms of progressive entrepreneurship and creative innovations (Necker and Ziegelmeyer, 20). As the United States financial crisis deepened the world’s economic downturn in 2008, the leadership of the company experienced challenges that were quite different from the ones that they had

SWFS 5004 Social Inclusion (Part 2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

SWFS 5004 Social Inclusion (Part 2) - Essay Example In simple terms therefore, social exclusion may refer to the extent to which individuals are unable to participate in key areas of economic, social and cultural life (Levitas, 1998). While clarifying this definition, Hilary (2007) explains that an individual can become socially excluded if he or she fails to participate fully in key activities carried out in his or her society. In view of the foregoing definition, it can clearly be upheld that social exclusion involves an individual’s lack of participation in society and emphasizes the multi-dimensional, multi-layered and dynamic nature of the problem (Frazer & Marlier, 2007). The concept of social exclusion can thus be found to possess four salient features namely: lack of participation, multi-dimensional, dynamism and multi-layered. Silver (1994) observes that the causes of social exclusion operate at many levels including individual, household, community and institutional. Hilary (2007) sums up the concept of social exclusi on as the inter-connectivity between â€Å"a person’s social class, educational status, relationships in childhood and living standards as well as how these might affect access to various opportunities†. ... It similarly presents a PowerPoint presentation of my personal reflections on my own values of respect, caring and person centered. Aspects of social inclusion and social exclusion As earlier explained in the foregoing introductory part of this essay, social exclusion has been demonstrated to be multidimensional going beyond the issue of material poverty. According to Will (2007), social exclusion also encompasses other forms of social disadvantages such as lack of regular and equal access to education, health care, social care as well as proper housing. Additionally, the same causes go beyond material poverty and further encompass a wide range of reasons including discrimination against immigrants, ethnic minorities, the disabled, the elderly or ex-offenders (Will, 2007). Secondly, social exclusion is also considered to be a process in itself rather than a mere outcome of a process as espoused by Paris (2004). Research indicates that the accumulation of a number of disadvantages ass ociated with social exclusion may result in a self-reinforcing cycle that makes it difficult to attribute causality to one specific factor or another (Frazer & Marlier, 2007). This fact has led a multiplicity of social scientists to delve into the genesis of social exclusion, making the concept quite dynamic, where different individuals or groups of individuals find themselves in different stages of the exclusion process, whether temporarily, recurringly or continuously (Levitas, 1998). Apart from the preceding argument, the concept of social exclusion is said to be context-specific where best inclusion endeavors are in ways that are specific to particular localities. This in essence implies that countries and governments need to develop

Presence Of Evil Shows God Doesnt Exist

Presence Of Evil Shows God Doesnt Exist Evil can be defined as anything that is painful, malicious or disastrous. There is much evil in the world, which can be split into either natural or moral evil. Natural evil refers to suffering caused by natural disasters whereas moral evil refers to suffering which has been caused by human selfishness.  [1]  I believe that the existence of these evils in the world disproves the existence of God. These evils would not exist if there was a perfectly good, all loving, omnipotent, omniscient God as He would want to prevent all evils and would be able to do so. In this essay I am going to look at the logical problem of evil, looking at the arguments put forward by Epicurus, Hume and Aquinas. I will also look at the evidential problem of evil, in particular the arguments put forward by William L. Rowe and Paul Draper which support the claim that the existence of evil disproves the existence of God. I will also look at Augustines and Irenaues theodicies against these arguments. Then fi nally I will look at problems with these theodicies and why I believe the existence of evil as well as the existence of God is incompatible. The logical problem of evil put forward by Epicurus states that evil could not exist if god was all loving and omnipotent. Thus, because there is evil in the world God cannot exist. He argues that an all loving god would not tolerate the suffering of his creatures therefore he would have created a world in which this suffering does not exist in the first place, or would step in to prevent it.  [2]  Similarly if god was omnipotent he would have been able to create a universe without evil and suffering to begin with. Therefore, the existence of evil in the world supports the claim that either God does not exist, or that he is either not omnipotent or not all loving. Humes similarly argued that the existence of evil in the world meant that God would need to be either not omnipotent or not all-loving. As it is not possible for God to be either of these things Humes concluded that God does not exist. Aquinas saw evil as the absence of good, or failure to achieve potential. In his book Summa Theologica, Aquinas states that the name of god means that He is infinite goodness. If, therefore God existed, there would be no evil discoverable; but there is evil in the world. Therefore God does not exist.  [3]  This argument is similar to that of Epicurus and Humes, stating that the existence of evil in the world contradicts the idea of an all loving, omniscient, omnipotent god. Thus again supporting my claim that the existence of God is incompatible with the existence of evil in the world. There is also the evidential problem of evil which contends known facts about evil as evidence against the existence of God.  [4]  William L. Rowe argued that there exist instances of intense suffering which an omnipotent, omniscient being could have prevented without thereby losing some greater good or permitting some evil equally bad or worse.  [5]  He then goes on to argue that such a God would want to prevent such suffering and would be able to do so and concludes that because this kind of suffering exists then God cannot. The existence of gratuitous evil in the world can similarly be used to disprove the existence of God according to Paul Draper. Evil which is without apparent reason or justification would not exist if God existed as He would not allow it. Therefore because there are cases where gratuitous evil can be said to exist God does not exist. Theodicies have been put forward in an attempt to justify the existence of God alongside the presence of evil in the world. Augustine argued that Gods creation was faultless and perfect and that evil came from within the world.  [6]  As an explanation for the existence of evil in the world Augustine blamed the fall of man from the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3). Disobeying God in the Garden of Eden is seen by Augustine as a moral evil leading to the evil within the world. The cause of this is free will and the allowance of man to have control over their actions and freedom of choice, including the ability to choose evil instead of good. Thus Augustine argues that God is still all loving, omniscient and omnipotent therefore he allows us to have free will and it is our fault we choose to do moral evil. To take away our free will would be unloving as it would take away our ability to choose good and to love God. Natural evil, on the other hand, can be seen as a consequence of the dishar mony of nature brought about by the fall.  [7]   The presence of evil does not necessarily disprove the existence of God according to Irenaeus. In his theodicy, Irenaeus attempts to justify the existence of evil as a sign of Gods goodness. He claims that evil and suffering in the world are useful as a means of knowledge, vital for character-building and provide a predictable environment. It is claimed by Irenaeus that without the presence of evil these attributes would be unobtainable. Therefore an all loving, omniscient, omnipotent God has allowed for evil to exist as a means for humans to learn and ultimately reach perfection. Although providing a possible explanation of the existence of evil in a world created by an all loving, omniscient and omnipotent God, Augustines theodicy does have some problems. Firstly, the theory of natural selection could be seen to contradict the idea that the Garden of Eden existed in blissful ignorance as it relies upon the selfishness of creatures as vital to their survival.  [8]  Also, God must still be responsible for the evil that has come from within the world as he created it. An omniscient God would have been able to foresee the evil which would come about and have been able to prevent it. Augustine also claimed that we are all being punished for Eves actions in the Garden of Eden which contradicts the bible itself should the childrens teeth be set on edge because the Fathers have eaten sour grapes? (Jeremiah 31:27-34). The existence of hell also shows that God must have foreseen the need for punishment therefore showing that God cannot be all loving and that mank ind cannot be held fully responsible for the fall of man. Similarly, there are problems with Irenaeuss theodicy. The main issue with this theodicy is whether suffering and evil is really necessary in order to achieve the desired goals. Surely an all loving, omnipotent, omniscient God would be able to devise a way in which humans could learn and develop without the need for evil and suffering. It is also not in the nature of an all loving God to allow certain people to starve to death in order to provide the knowledge to others to feed them. I therefore do not believe that these theodocies provide a conclusive defence for the existence of evil alongside the existence of god in the world. In conclusion, throughout this essay I have attempted to prove why the existence of evil within the world shows us that God does not exist. By looking at the arguments of famous philosophers I have found evidence to support this claim. I have also looked at theodicies which disprove my argument and found possible errors with these arguments. I believe that the existence of an all loving, omniscient, omnipotent God is simply incompatible with the existence of evil. In order for evil to exist God cannot be all of these things, if God is not all of these things then he simply isnt God. Therefore God cannot exist. Although the existence of God and evil may not necessarily be logically and evidentially compatible, I believe that God is necessary for many people across the world to understand why evil and suffering occurs and to have someone to blame. Thus regardless of what evidence is available I dont think it would ever be completely possible to disprove the existence of God in its enti rety as believers would still come up with situations in which an all loving, omniscient, omnipotent God would allow for the existence of evil. Word Count: 1483

The Non-Proliferation Treaty: Its Establishment, Issues

The Non-Proliferation Treaty: Its establishment, Issues, and Current Status On March 21, 1963, President John Kennedy warned in a press conference, â€Å"I see the possibility in the 1970s of the president of the United States having to face a world in which 15 or 20 or 25 nations may have nuclear weapons. I regard that as the greatest possible danger and hazard. † Kennedy made this statement a month after a secret Department of Defense memorandum assessed that eight countries: Canada, China, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and West Germany would likely have the ability to produce nuclear weapons within the next 10 years after 1963.It was further assessed that beyond those 10 years, the future costs of nuclear weapons programs would decrease and provide way for several more states to pursue nuclear weapons, especially if unrestricted testing continued. Fear of the spread of nuclear weapons to vast nation states and superpowers including their military and ideological alli es is what urged the creation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Signed on July 1, 1968 and actually implemented on March 5, 1970, the NPT is a result of a compilation of efforts at enforcing international non-proliferation.With President Dwight D. Eisenhower calling for a new international agency to share nuclear materials and information for peaceful purposes with other countries in his â€Å"Atoms for Peace† address to the UN General Assembly on December 1953, the way was made for the Non-Proliferation Treaty to come into existence when the UN established The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on July 29, 1957 as result of negotiations sparked from Eisenhower’s proposal.President Dwight Eisenhower proposed to the UN General Assembly the negotiation of a treaty that would seek to control nuclear activities around the world and prevent, if possible, the spread of nuclear weapons to additional countries. However, President Eisenhower’s speech to the U N General Assembly came after the failure of earlier U. S. nonproliferation efforts. When the United States stood as the only true nuclear power in the world at the end of World War II, President Harry Truman proposed to destroy the U. S. uclear arsenal if other countries would agree not to acquire nuclear weapons and would permit inspections to verify that agreement. This proposal was presented as the Baruch Plan in 1946 and implied that the United States turn over control of all its enriched uranium, including that in any nuclear weapons it had, to a new UN body over which the United States and the other permanent members of the Security Council would have a veto. In addition to already seeking its own nuclear weapons, the Soviets rejected this plan on the grounds that the United Nations was dominated by the United States and its allies in Western Europe.Therefore, the Soviets argued it could not be trusted to exercise authority over atomic weaponry in a fair manner. They proposed that America eliminate its nuclear weapons before considering proposals for a system of controls and inspections. On the other hand, the United States, would not surrender its weapons to the agency until inspectors were on duty in the Soviet Union and in other countries with nuclear potential (Bellany 1985). With the Baruch Plan not going as planned, the U. S.Congress enacted the 1946 Atomic Energy Act which encompassed provisions designed to keep nuclear technology secret from other countries but then was amended to authorize nuclear assistance to others alike the IAEA which was created to provide both assistance and inspectors for peaceful nuclear activities after Eisenhower proposed providing assistance to other countries in the peaceful uses of atomic energy. The United States, followed by the Soviet Union, France, and others began providing research reactors that used weapons-usable highly enriched uranium to non-nuclear-weapon states around the world.These transfers and the t raining that accompanied the reactors helped scientists in many countries learn about nuclear fission and its potential uses other than in good measure. As these scientists became more versed in the uses of nuclear energy through the resources being provided to them, global support increased for controlling the spread of the new technology in order to prevent its use for weapons. This led to Ireland proposing the first resolution at the United Nations on October 17, 1958 to prohibit the further dissemination of nuclear weapons.On March 21, 1963, the UN General Assembly unanimously approved Resolution 1665, based on the earlier Irish draft resolution, reads that countries already having nuclear weapons would undertake to refrain from relinquishing control of them to others and would refrain from transmitting information for their manufacture to states not possessing them. In addition, countries without nuclear weapons would agree not to receive or manufacture them. These ideas formed the basis of the NPT (Bunn 2008).The United States then took another step toward non-proliferation and submitted a simple draft treaty of the NPT based on the resolution to the Soviet Union when a new eighteen nation Disarmament Conference opened in Geneva in 1962. Adversely, the Soviet response insisted that the treaty prohibit the arrangements between the United States and NATO allies such as West Germany for deployment in their countries of U. S. nuclear weapons under the control of U. S. soldiers.The stated purposes of these weapons were to protect these countries if ever in the event of an attack on them by the Soviet Union and its allies. The U. S. also proposed for implementation of a multilateral force in which would be a fleet of submarines and warships each manned by international NATO crews and armed with multiple nuclear armed Polaris ballistic missiles. The proposal was inspired by the complaints of NATO countries which voiced that the nuclear defense of Europe was beh olden to the Americans, who held the bulk of nuclear capability.Instead of an array of different independent forces ultimately acting under their own domestic banners on the waters, the result would be a fleet of warships manned and operated by general NATO command in broader cooperative efforts but the Soviets opposed to this. Later, a compromise was reached where US eventually gave up on efforts toward the multilateral force and the Soviets gave up on a prohibition against U. S. deployment of nuclear weapons in West Germany and other allied countries under the condition the provided weapons remained under sole control of U.S. personnel (Bellany 1985). On June 12, 1968 The UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 2373 which endorsed the draft text of the nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty. The vote was 95 to 4 with 21 abstentions. The four no votes were Albania, Cuba, Tanzania, and Zambia. The treaty was signed by the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and the United States. Article IX of t he treaty established that entry into force would require the treaty’s ratification by those three countries and 40 additional states.It was by this time, five nations had developed a nuclear weapons capability: the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China. On February 13, 1960, France conducted its first nuclear test explosion, establishing it as the the world’s fourth nuclear armed state after the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom. Then China conducted its first nuclear test explosion on October 16, 1964 placing it as the world’s fifth nuclear armed state and leading to the acceleration of India’s nuclear program ( Bunn 2008).China and France were recognized as nuclear-weapon states under the treaty but did not sign it. China argued the treaty was discriminatory and simply refused to adhere to it. On the other hand, France implied that it would not sign the treaty but would behave in the future in this field exac tly as the states adhering to the Treaty. The treaty distinguishes between obligations of two parties such as nuclear-weapon states who are defined as those states parties which exploded a nuclear device prior to January 1, 1967 and non-nuclear weapon states which are all other states.The treaty called prohibition on non-nuclear-weapon states from having nuclear weapons and called for the IAEA to be permitted to carry out inspections to guarantee that their nuclear programs were limited to peaceful uses. In particular, the resolution asked the countries possessing nuclear weapons to refrain from relinquishing control of nuclear weapons and from transmitting information necessary for their manufacture to nations not possessing nuclear weapons.Second, it recommended that states not possessing nuclear weapons, â€Å"undertake not to manufacture or otherwise acquire control of such weapons. † In addition, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States agreed to provi de assistance to non-nuclear weapon NPT members in their pursuit of peaceful uses of nuclear energy and agreed to conduct future negotiations to halt the nuclear arms buildup and reduce their nuclear weapons with a goal of achieving nuclear disarmament.Negotiations then raised aiming efforts towards gaining acceptance of these provisions by important non-nuclear weapon governments and their parliaments along for the allowance of the inspections that would be conducted by the IAEA in accordance to the NPT. India was one of these non-nuclear weapon governments of interest but despite much active participation in the NPT negotiation, it refused to join because it wanted to retain the option to produce its own nuclear weapon as its adversary then, China had. Also, Pakistan which was another adversary of India refused to join because India would not.Israel, which the United States had tried to restrain from acquiring nuclear weapons in separate negotiations during the 1960s, also refused to join. China and France didn’t participate much in the NPT negotiations but had acquired nuclear weapons before its negotiation was completed. The NPT draft permitted them to join the treaty with the same rights and duties as the other nuclear-weapon states when they eventually did accede to the treaty in 1992 (Bunn 2008). The practice of inspections for non-nuclear weapon parties weighed as a major concern in the egotiations at the IAEA for several years and many countries including West European allies of the United States did not ratify the treaty until these negotiations were completed to their satisfaction. Till this day, this concern is still a pressing matter at hand. In its establishment, Article X of the NPT called for a conference of its parties to be held 25 years after the treaty’s entry into force in 1970 to determine whether the treaty would remain in force indefinitely or for other additional periods of time.This conference was held on May 11, 1995 an d began with much uncertainty regarding the nature of any extension. Leading up to this, parties of the treaty enacted review conferences every five years to revise the treaty according to the current state of nuclear arms at the time. During the 1995 review conference, non-nuclear weapon states expressed disappointment with the lack of progress toward nuclear disarmament and feared that extending the treaty indefinitely would enable the nuclear-armed states to hold on to their nuclear arsenals and disregard any accountability in eliminating them.In a different light, Indonesia and South Africa proposed efforts to tying the treaty’s indefinite extension to a decision to strengthen the treaty review process such as establishing of a set of principles and objectives on nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament to hold NPT states-parties, particularly the nuclear-weapon states, accountable to their commitments.Indonesia and South Africa’s proposal included completion of th e Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty of 1996 which banned all nuclear explosions in all environments for military or civilian purposes along with negotiations on the cutoff of fissile material production for weapons purposes. The conference also adopted a resolution calling for establishment of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East with the goal to win support for the indefinite NPT extension from Arab states which objected to Israel’s status outside the NPT and its assumed possession of nuclear weapons.During the 1955 revision conference of the NPT, the decision was made to extend the NPT indefinitely and with its last revision conference held in 2010, is still on its mission to global non-proliferation (Gunter 2010). The NPT consists of a preamble and eleven articles and is interpreted as a three part pillar system as non-proliferation being the first, disarmament the second, and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology as the third. Currently there are 189 countries as state parties under rovisions of the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. The major issues that the Treaty of Nuclear Non Proliferation is facing are loopholes in NPT withdrawal, non-compliance with state parties, particularly Iran, and in a safeguard system. Also, the future utility of the treaty will be dominated by its ability to attract the major non-parties into membership. Another flaw in the Treaty is that if diversion of fissile material is discovered, then no mechanism for sanctions exists other than taking the issue to the UN Security Council.The treaty is silent on how to deal with a situation where a non-nuclear weapon state acquires unsafeguarded weapon material for reasons not permitted under the Treaty (Kaplan 2005). Israel regarded NPT adherence and the IAEA safeguards system as an insufficient guarantee that Iraq would not use nuclear technology it was acquiring to make nuclear weapons and proceed to destroy that technology. This discouraged other Arab states from becoming NPT parties, as this appeared to offer no protection against unilateral Israeli action.With the notion that one state such as Israel could claim the NPT technically meaningless and allowed to act on that belief without sanction, the credibility of the Treaty in the eyes of many non-nuclear weapon states became undermined and brought up for much speculation. The NPT itself is silent on how to assess compliance, how to resolve compliance disputes, and what procedures to follow in the event of non-compliance. Specifically, there is no verification of the obligations in Articles I and II not to transfer or receive nuclear weapons.The treaty contains no language on verification other than to require states to accept nuclear safeguards in Article III. One precedent for handling non-compliance was in the case of North Korea. North Korea announced it would withdraw from the NPT on March 12, 1993 but suspended its withdrawal in June. Ten years later on February 12, 2003, the Board of Governors declared North Korea in non-compliance with its nuclear safeguards obligations, and referred the matter to the Security Council. The Board called upon North Korea to acknowledge its non-compliance, and fully cooperate with the Agency.North Korea stated it would withdraw from the NPT on January 11, 2003, and its official status is still uncertain. The legality of North Korea's withdrawal is debatable but as of 9 October 2006, North Korea clearly possesses the capability to make a nuclear explosive device. However, other states complain of U. S. noncompliance because the United States continues to conduct research and development new types of nuclear weapons and still has yet to accept much deeper reductions in its nuclear forces.Several additional measures have been adopted to strengthen the NPT with attempts to broader the nuclear nonproliferation regime and make it difficult for states to acquire the capability to produce nuclear weapons, including the export controls of the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the enhanced verification measures of the IAEA Additional Protocol. However, critics argue that the NPT cannot stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons or the motivation to acquire them.They express disappointment with the limited progress on nuclear disarmament, where the five authorized nuclear weapons states still have 22,000 warheads in their combined stockpile and have shown a reluctance to disarm further. Several high-ranking officials within the United Nations have said that they can do little to stop states using nuclear reactors to produce nuclear weapons (Kaplan 2005). An issue that will require new and better strategic thinking is how best to proceed with efforts to make the Middle East a Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) – free zone.This was a controversial issue on the table during the most recent 2010 NPT Review Conference. The final document produced from the conference addressing the matter calls on all state s in the region to participate in a conference in 2012 based on the terms of the 1995 resolution. The United States announced after the conference that it, Russia, and the United Kingdom, along with the UN secretary-general, will co-sponsor the meeting, determine a country to host it, and identify a person to organize it.The issue with this is that Egypt and other states may want to use a conference in part to criticize Israel’s nuclear weapons program. Also, the language of the document calls on all states in the Middle East to participate which includes a number of states that do not recognize Israel and in the past have not been willing to sit with Israeli officials in formal settings. To name a few, Iran, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria are some of these states. Therefore, such a conference would pose challenges to Israel. Iran and major Arab states would all have to reach the same satisfying terms and recognize Israeli de facto.If the conference is viewed strategically and handled carefully, it could advance the cause of peace and security in the region. In summation, President Barack Obama in Prague called for the â€Å"peace and security of a world free of nuclear weapons† on April 2, 2009. A Year later on April 8, 2010, President Obama returned to Prague a year later with President Dmitri Medvedev of Russia to sign a new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty that committed both countries to reduce their deployed strategic nuclear warheads and delivery systems in accordance with agreed principles of verification.President Obama also convened a special session of the UN Security Council on September 24, 2009, which adopted Resolution 1887, which focuses on nuclear security and nonproliferation and seeking ways to enhance its means. Though the NPT has its weaknesses, it still has managed to link many countries together and has dodged the predicted amount â€Å"15 or 20 or 25 nations may have nuclear weapons† that President Kennedy warned i n his press conference in 1963.Today, we have nine counting North Korea but not Iran outside of the treaty. As we progress down the road to expanding non-proliferation, it is important for policy makers to keep in mind that for most states the demand for nuclear weapons is likely to derive from security considerations, and security consideration under conditions of uncertainty, especially if the states have lacking faith in the Treaty’s ability to make effective use of the safeguard system as we approach the 2015 NPT Review Conference.